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The ancestors of modern humans interbred with Neanderthals and another extinct line of humans known as the Denisovans at least four times in the course of prehistory, according to an analysis of global genomes published on Thursday in the journal Science. The interbreeding may have given modern humans genes that bolstered immunity to pathogens, the authors concluded. “This is yet another genetic nail in the coffin of our over-simplistic models of human evolution,” said Carles Lalueza-Fox, a research scientist at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology in Barcelona who was not involved in the study. The new study expands on a series of findings in recent years showing that the ancestors of modern humans once shared the planet with a surprising number of near relatives — lineages like the Neanderthals and Denisovans that became extinct tens of thousands of years ago. Before disappearing, however, they interbred with our forebears on at least several occasions, and toda...

Gender is determined genetically by two sex chromosomes. In mammals these are the X and Y chromosomes, with males having XY chromosomes and females having XX. In a mating, the parents each contribute one sex chromosome. As a result, it is the male that, genetically, determines the gender of the offspring. In birds, however, the sex chromosomes are referred to as Z and W, with females having ZW chromosomes and males having ZZ. In birds, therefore, it is the female that determines the gender of the offspring. In addition to determining gender, sex chromosomes carry genes that can affect other traits, such as plumage color. These characteristics have been used in sex-linked crosses and can be used to determine the gender of the offspring. Sex-linked crosses can only be produced with male and female chickens of differing breeds in specific combinations. For example, a Delaware female mated to a New Hampshire or Rhode Island Red male results in male offspring that will grow up t...

Water is a critical, but often overlooked, nutrient. Animals can survive longer without food than they can without water. Water is involved in every aspect of animal metabolism. It plays an important role in regulating body temperature, digesting food, and eliminating wastes. At normal temperatures, chickens typically consume twice as much water as feed. During periods of high temperature, water consumption can double or quadruple. To remain healthy, poultry flocks require water of adequate quality and quantity.  Several factors influence water quality, including the color, taste, and odor of water, as well as the presence of bacteria or other microbes, the levels of minerals, and other chemical and physical factors. Color, Taste, and Odor It is important that drinking water be clear, tasteless, odorless, and colorless. Water that is contaminated exhibits different characteristics depending on the contaminants. The presence of particles such as clay, silt, or organic mater...

Agricultural economics originally involves applying the principles of economics to the production of crops and livestock. However in modern times it covers many fields, all of which utilize the application of core concepts and principles of economics. In agricultural economics, economists apply theories and principles of economics to better understand and optimize agricultural markets. Those in agricultural economics address problems ranging from clean air and water to questions regarding how poverty can be alleviated. Relationships between supply and demand are examined using data, statistics and market trends. Are you an Agricultural Economists? Are you looking to return to Nigeria? The recent reforms in Nigeria’s agricultural sector have established the need for agricultural processes to have proper business models for generating revenue and strengthening the economy of the nation. A lot of opportunities have opened up in the sector, and if you have what it takes, you have a ...

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Abstract In Nigeria, the importance of highly trained manpower has long been recognized and has been the basis for agricultural development policies and strategies since independence, and within the last decade, serious efforts were made to make Nigeria self-sufficient and reliant in food production by organizations and institutions within the nation of which the universities were not left out. It was against this background that the cross-border agricultural program was introduced by an NGO called Learning-by-Doing, and was the platform which sa w a batch of fifty agro- students sent to Israel for an eleven months practical programme, in the Israeli’s kibbutzim.  The NGO is chaired by a prominent nationalist and farmer, Chief Audu Ogbe and sponsored by two Nigerians and three Israelis. The organization has the following objectives; which are to: 1.    expose young Nigerian undergraduates of agriculture and agricultural related disciplines to modern and improved eq...

Moringa Oleifera contains more than 92 nutrients and 46 types of antioxidants. Moringa is said to cure about three hundred diseases and almost have all the  vita mins found in fruits and vegetables . Even in a larger proportions. With all the health benefits of this miracle herb, it can easily be termed as the most nutritious herb on Earth. There are no side-effects which also has tried, tested, documented and proved evidence to support the same. It can be consumed by small children and adults. Today, millions world over have started using Moringa based products in porridge, pastas, bread and to reap the everlasting health benefits of the extraordinary ‘Moringa’ herb. Some Facts about Moringa- (Excerpt From The Book “Miracle Tree” by Author Monica G.Marcu,Pharm.D., PH.D.)  • 92 Nutrients • 46 Antioxidants • 36 Anti-Inflammatories • 18 Amino Acids, 9 Essential Amino Acids • Nourishes The Immune System • Promotes Healthy Circulation • Supports No...